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Sociology
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Stratification and Diversification
Subject: Stratification and Diversification
Title : Concepts of Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism
The concept of ‘race’Miles defines racism “as any set of claims or arguments which signify some aspect of the physical features of an individual or group as a sign of permanent distinctiveness and which attribute additional, negative characteristics and/or consequences to the individual’s or group’s presence.” For this to mark a racist attitude the biological difference must be genetically inheritable.
Whilst not all sociologists would accept this definition of racism, it has the use of indicating that any theoretical justification of racism is underpinned by a pseudoscientific theory that there exist different races, and furthermore, that these races have distinct abilities that justify the use of terms such as “superior race” and “inferior race”.
This in turn is used to justify the domination of “inferior races” by “superior races”.
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Subject: Stratification and Diversification
Title : American Exceptionalism
I - American ExceptionalismIt is generally accepted that the Americans are not class conscious, and that American workers are not motivated by the desire for class struggle. American seems to be the exception – for example, in Europe worker’s unions have actively sought to replace private ownership of the means of production by a system of collective ownership.
This is called the thesis of American Exceptionalism.
Europe during the C19th provoked a working-class resistance that became of “spectre” threatening revolution. America, by contrast, was by the beginning of C20th remarkable for the weakness of the working-class.
As early as 1906 the German sociologist Werner Sombart asked the question, “Why is there no socialism in the United States?” Various answers have been proposed.
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